David Baxter PhD
Late Founder
Understanding Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
By Harvey B. Simon, M.D., Harvard Medical School
September 19, 2012
For your father, the initials AAA may represent his favorite auto club. But for your doctor, the initials stand for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. It is a widening of the body's largest artery, the aorta.
Doctors often refer to AAAs as time bombs. They are often entirely silent. There are usually no symptoms until they burst with a big bang.
Seventy-five percent of victims die before they even get to the operating room. And only about half of people survive surgery. All in all, AAAs kill over 9,000 Americans a year ? mostly men.
But even if AAAs are time bombs, they usually have long fuses. Doctors can detect them long before they explode.
Who Gets an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?
Anyone can develop an AAA, but several factors increase risk:
New research links AAAs with high total cholesterol and low HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. Surprisingly, perhaps, diabetes is not an AAA risk factor, although it is an important risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases.
These same factors increase the risk for atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries"). Indeed, many people with AAAs also have atherosclerosis of other arteries, especially in their heart and legs. More than a third of patients with AAAs also have heart disease. This makes surgical repair tricky.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
As an aneurysm gets bigger it can produce pain in the abdomen or back. It may feel like a pulsating sensation or gnawing ache deep in the abdomen or in the mid-back.
When an AAA breaks, it causes severe abdominal and low back pain, a sharp fall in blood pressure and collapse. Most people die.
The simplest way for a doctor to detect an AAA is to feel a pulsating swelling in his patient's abdomen, often just to the left of the belly button. Unfortunately, however, a doctor's physical exam will miss most AAAs except in thin people with sizable aneurysms. An X-ray is not much help either. Few AAAs have enough calcium in their walls to show up on an X-ray.
Ultrasound will detect 95% of all AAAs. It's simple, relatively inexpensive and an entirely safe test. And it's rare for the test to miss an AAA large enough to cause trouble.
Newer tests, such as computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), are also very accurate, but they are much more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasounds. Most doctors reserve CTAs and MRAs for pre-surgery evaluations; patients get an injection of dye for these tests.
If ultrasounds are so accurate and AAAs so worrisome, shouldn't everyone have the test as part of an annual physical? Most experts recommend a screening ultrasound for men at age 65 to 75. Some experts also suggest screening for men and women with a strong family history of the problem. Needless to say, anyone with symptoms that suggest an AAA should have an ultrasound as soon as possible.
What To Do?
AAAs make doctors and patients very nervous. It's understandable for a man to want his AAA repaired before it ruptures, but it's not that simple. Surgery is difficult and risky, even when the aneurysm is intact and stable.
The good news is that doctors can now identify the AAAs at highest risk of rupturing. The key factor is size. As an AAA gets larger, its walls get thinner and weaker, much as a balloon thins out as it's inflated.
And even though small aneurysms carry some risk of rupture, research shows that repairing aneurysms smaller than 5.5 cm (2.2 inches) does not improve survival. But even if small AAAs don't call for repair, they certainly require attention.
Fixing AAAs
AAAs rupture because their walls are thin and weak. Immediate surgery is the only treatment for a ruptured aneurysm. But even with prompt diagnosis and expert surgery, only about half the patients survive. To prevent a disastrous rupture, doctors can place a graft inside the aneurysm. This helps support its walls.
There are two ways to do this:
Which type of repair is best? There's no simple answer. In the first weeks and months after AAA repair, endovascular stent graft is the winner.
By two years, however, the overall survival for the two procedures is similar. And over time patients with endovascular stent grafts are more likely to need repeat procedures than patients with surgical grafts.
Until new research is completed, the choice between surgical and endovascular AAA repair will depend on the patient's overall health and preferences and on the experience and skill of his medical team.
Prevention and Control
Prevention is the best medicine. Men can reduce their chances of getting an AAA. And they can help prevent a small AAA from growing enough to need repair or to risk a life-threatening rupture.
Harvey B. Simon, M.D., is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and a member of the Health Sciences Technology Faculty at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is the founding editor of the Harvard Men's Health Watch newsletter and author of six consumer health books, including The Harvard Medical School Guide to Men's Health (Simon and Schuster, 2002) and The No Sweat Exercise Plan, Lose Weight, Get Healthy and Live Longer (McGraw-Hill, 2006). Dr. Simon practices at the Massachusetts General Hospital; he received the London Prize for Excellence in Teaching from Harvard and MIT.
By Harvey B. Simon, M.D., Harvard Medical School
September 19, 2012
For your father, the initials AAA may represent his favorite auto club. But for your doctor, the initials stand for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. It is a widening of the body's largest artery, the aorta.
Doctors often refer to AAAs as time bombs. They are often entirely silent. There are usually no symptoms until they burst with a big bang.
Seventy-five percent of victims die before they even get to the operating room. And only about half of people survive surgery. All in all, AAAs kill over 9,000 Americans a year ? mostly men.
But even if AAAs are time bombs, they usually have long fuses. Doctors can detect them long before they explode.
Who Gets an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?
Anyone can develop an AAA, but several factors increase risk:
- Age. AAAs are rare before age 55, but are more common thereafter. About 4% to 8% of men above age 65 are affected. That's because elastic tissue in the artery's wall wears down with time. And the aorta is unable to replenish or repair this vital material. Still, the aorta remains normal in most senior citizens.
- Gender. AAAs are much more common in men than in women, and they tend to occur about 10 years earlier in males than females.
- Family history. A sibling, parent or child of a patient with an AAA has up to a one-in-four chance of developing an AAA.
- Smoking. This is the most important risk factor because it's entirely avoidable. It also quadruples the chances of developing an AAA.
- High blood pressure.
New research links AAAs with high total cholesterol and low HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. Surprisingly, perhaps, diabetes is not an AAA risk factor, although it is an important risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases.
These same factors increase the risk for atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries"). Indeed, many people with AAAs also have atherosclerosis of other arteries, especially in their heart and legs. More than a third of patients with AAAs also have heart disease. This makes surgical repair tricky.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
As an aneurysm gets bigger it can produce pain in the abdomen or back. It may feel like a pulsating sensation or gnawing ache deep in the abdomen or in the mid-back.
When an AAA breaks, it causes severe abdominal and low back pain, a sharp fall in blood pressure and collapse. Most people die.
The simplest way for a doctor to detect an AAA is to feel a pulsating swelling in his patient's abdomen, often just to the left of the belly button. Unfortunately, however, a doctor's physical exam will miss most AAAs except in thin people with sizable aneurysms. An X-ray is not much help either. Few AAAs have enough calcium in their walls to show up on an X-ray.
Ultrasound will detect 95% of all AAAs. It's simple, relatively inexpensive and an entirely safe test. And it's rare for the test to miss an AAA large enough to cause trouble.
Newer tests, such as computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), are also very accurate, but they are much more expensive and time-consuming than ultrasounds. Most doctors reserve CTAs and MRAs for pre-surgery evaluations; patients get an injection of dye for these tests.
If ultrasounds are so accurate and AAAs so worrisome, shouldn't everyone have the test as part of an annual physical? Most experts recommend a screening ultrasound for men at age 65 to 75. Some experts also suggest screening for men and women with a strong family history of the problem. Needless to say, anyone with symptoms that suggest an AAA should have an ultrasound as soon as possible.
What To Do?
AAAs make doctors and patients very nervous. It's understandable for a man to want his AAA repaired before it ruptures, but it's not that simple. Surgery is difficult and risky, even when the aneurysm is intact and stable.
The good news is that doctors can now identify the AAAs at highest risk of rupturing. The key factor is size. As an AAA gets larger, its walls get thinner and weaker, much as a balloon thins out as it's inflated.
And even though small aneurysms carry some risk of rupture, research shows that repairing aneurysms smaller than 5.5 cm (2.2 inches) does not improve survival. But even if small AAAs don't call for repair, they certainly require attention.
- Repeat ultrasounds every 3-12 months, depending on the size of the AAA.
- Consider repairing aneurysms that grow by more than 0.5 cm (0.2 in) or that cause pain.
Fixing AAAs
AAAs rupture because their walls are thin and weak. Immediate surgery is the only treatment for a ruptured aneurysm. But even with prompt diagnosis and expert surgery, only about half the patients survive. To prevent a disastrous rupture, doctors can place a graft inside the aneurysm. This helps support its walls.
There are two ways to do this:
- Conventional surgical repair involves general anesthesia and a large abdominal incision. It's effective, but it's a big operation. Even in the best of hands, a conventional AAA repair has a substantial risk of complications. These include infection, bleeding, and even death, particularly since the typical patient is an older man with atherosclerosis.
- Endovascular stent graft is a newer option. Like conventional surgery, an endovascular stent graft involves placing a reinforcement inside the aneurysm. Doctors thread the graft up into the aorta through a thin catheter that they have inserted into the femoral artery in the groin. Endovascular repair can be performed under general, spinal or even local anesthesia. And if all goes well, patients recover in just a few days.
Endovascular AAA repair requires a skilled medical team. The procedure can have complications of its own. These include infections, bleeding into the space between the graft and the aorta, and moving of the graft itself.
Which type of repair is best? There's no simple answer. In the first weeks and months after AAA repair, endovascular stent graft is the winner.
- There are fewer early complications and deaths than with surgical repair.
- It's more expensive, but hospital stays are much shorter.
- Patients recover and return to normal function much sooner.
By two years, however, the overall survival for the two procedures is similar. And over time patients with endovascular stent grafts are more likely to need repeat procedures than patients with surgical grafts.
Until new research is completed, the choice between surgical and endovascular AAA repair will depend on the patient's overall health and preferences and on the experience and skill of his medical team.
Prevention and Control
Prevention is the best medicine. Men can reduce their chances of getting an AAA. And they can help prevent a small AAA from growing enough to need repair or to risk a life-threatening rupture.
- Stopping smoking can help prevent AAAs, and slow their growth.
- Blood pressure control is also vital. New evidence suggests that a particular group of anti-hypertensive drugs, the angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), are particularly helpful. More research is needed, but doctors should strongly consider prescribing an ACEI for their AAA patients who need to have their blood pressure lowered.
- Doctors should also consider prescribing a statin for AAA patients, even if they don't have high cholesterol levels. For one thing, many men with AAAs also have coronary artery disease and are at high risk for heart attacks. For another, statins appear to slow the enlargement of AAAs and to reduce the death rate, both in patients who have had their AAAs repaired and in those who have not.
Harvey B. Simon, M.D., is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and a member of the Health Sciences Technology Faculty at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is the founding editor of the Harvard Men's Health Watch newsletter and author of six consumer health books, including The Harvard Medical School Guide to Men's Health (Simon and Schuster, 2002) and The No Sweat Exercise Plan, Lose Weight, Get Healthy and Live Longer (McGraw-Hill, 2006). Dr. Simon practices at the Massachusetts General Hospital; he received the London Prize for Excellence in Teaching from Harvard and MIT.
