Attachment and Attachment Disorders

[David Baxter PhD]

The 'Strange Situation': Window on a Child's Future?
By Jeremy, PsyBlog
March 6, 2008

We are social animals, relying heavily on our ability to form relationships with others to help us negotiate our way through life. People who find relationships difficult often become unable to participate in the ordinary give-and-take of everyday life. They may become hostile towards others, have problems in education as well as a greater chance of developing psychiatric disorders later in life.

It's no wonder that child psychologists are so interested in the first relationships we build with our primary caregivers. These are likely to prove a vital influence on all our future relationships, including those with our spouse, our workmates and our own children. While you can't blame everything on your parents, early relationships are like a template that we take forward with us in life.

How can attachment be measured?
So the development of early relationships - often called 'attachment' - is extremely important. Naturally child psychologists realised it would be extremely useful to know how well attached children are to their parents. But here's the problem: how do you measure attachment? Infants of eight months old tend not to say very much of any use and parents can't be trusted.

Clearly psychologists needed to observe the caregiver and baby interacting. It was well-known child psychologist Mary Ainsworth and colleagues who came up with what has now become standard procedure for investigating the emotional attachment between children and caregivers (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall, 1978). Some have argued that this is the most powerful experiment for studying a child's social and emotional development.

The strange situation
Ainsworth based her test on one of the most basic human emotions: fear. As the baby becomes attached to its caregivers, after about six months, it starts to display fear in two easily repeatable situations:

• Stranger anxiety: some time after six months of age children usually start to become scared of strangers. This is particularly pronounced when their caregiver is absent.
• Separation protest: from around the same time, at about six months, children also start to get upset when their caregiver leaves them.

To investigate how infants and their caregivers interact Ainsworth devised a series of interactions which were designed to test how the baby reacted to both stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. The procedure is like a carefully choreographed ballet, each act lasting about 3 minutes:

1. Caregiver and infant are placed in the experimental room by the experimenter, who then leaves.
2. Caregiver does nothing while the infant explores.
3. A stranger enters, saying nothing for 1 minute, then starts talking to the caregiver. Then, after a further minute, the stranger approaches the infant.
4. Caregiver then leaves as discreetly as possible so that the stranger and the infant are left alone together.
5. Caregiver then returns to comfort the infant, then leaves again.
6. Infant is left all alone.
7. Stranger enters and begins to interact with the infant.
8. Caregiver returns and the stranger leaves.

As you can see the strange situation is designed to get more strange for the infant as it goes on. For a start the infant is in an unfamiliar room, then a stranger enters, then the stranger starts trying to talk to them, then their caregiver is nowhere to be seen. Each time the stress on the infant is ramped up.

Results
Analysing the results after repeating the experiment with many infants, Ainsworth discovered a fascinating pattern in the data. It turned out that the most interesting aspect of the interactions observed was how the baby reacted when the caregiver returned. This analysis of the infant's reaction to the mother's return led to a distinction between three separate types of attachment, one of the 'good kind' and two so-called 'disordered attachment styles':

• Securely attached: Infants considered securely attached will be reasonable upset when their caregiver leaves but will be happy to see them return and will be quickly soothed. Extensive research has found that around 70% of infants fall into this category.
• Insecure/avoidant attachment: These infants show little interest in their caregivers, although they will cry when they leave the room. Strangely, though, they don't seem that pleased when their caregivers return, often turning their backs on them and trying to get away. Around 20% of infants fall into this category.
• Insecure/resistant attachment: These infants initially don't want to leave their caregiver to explore the room. Then, like the insecure/avoidant, they cry when their caregiver leaves but then when they return seem to want to be consoled, but resist it. They seem angry. About 10% of infants fall into this category.

Later research also identified a further insecure attachment category:

• Insecure/disorganised attachment: these infants don't show much of a pattern: they seem constantly afraid of and confused by their caregiver. The stress is often too much for the infant. This type of attachment style has been associated with depressed caregivers or instances of child abuse.

Causes of attachment styles
An enormous amount of research has gone into examining what factors cause infants to be attached in these different ways. Much emphasis has been placed on the way the caregiver treats the infant. Secure attachments have been associated with caregivers being (Papalia & Olds, 1997):

• Sensitive and responsive.
• Encouraging of mutual interaction.
• Warm and acceptance.

Clearly the reverse of these tends to result in insecure attachments styles. Some research has also found that the infant's temperament (personality) is also an important factor.

Consequences of attachment styles
Many researchers have argued that attachment styles have important social, emotional and cognitive consequences. Some have argued that the more positive an infant's early attachments are, the more likely it is to successfully separate from the caregiver later in life. Other benefits of a secure attachment include (Papalia & Olds, 1997):

• More self-confidence.
• More friends.
• Better adult relationships.

Meanwhile insecurely attached children tend to:

• Display more negative emotions.
• Have behaviour problems.
• Be hostile towards other children.

Window to the future?
Critics of the 'strange situation' have argued that it is just too strange. For example:

• Why would caregivers specifically resist interacting with their infant?
• Can infants really keep track of all these comings and goings during the study?
• Is it valid in different cultures?

Despite these criticisms the 'strange situation' has fared relatively well in answer to many of these questions. It provides a standardised way of examining the very earliest relationships we form with our caregivers. It is a way of revealing the answers infants have arrived at to four major questions their social and emotional selves are asking:

• How do I have good relationships with other people?
• What happens when I explore my environment?
• What can I achieve?
• What do others do when I show that I'm unhappy?

It's an infant's attachment style that give us a clue what answers they've formulated to these questions and so a window into their future.

References
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Papalia, D. E., & Olds, S. W. (1997). Human development. London: McGraw-Hill.

 

[ladylore]

Great article.

 

[MollyK]

Hi David, interesting article. I have a diagnosed attachment disorder and am very interested in anything around this subject. Almost all the literature and information I have found to date are around children and attachment - as if children never grow up! There are a significant number of adults around with attachment disorder and we are not all hostile and unable to love and bond with others .. but still everyone gets lumped under one set of symptoms it seems, which are just one aspect of attachment problems, its a multi-faceted problem really. There's scarcely any research that I know of with adults. Anyway that aside...

I have sometimes had doubts about the validity of the strange situation .. it is indeed an engineered, strange set of circumstances to judge how securely attached a child is.

There is a little girl who lives opposite me who we sometimes look after when her mum is out. This little girl comes from a very large and close family, there are always aunts and uncles, cousins and she has a brood of older siblings. She is very much loved and a happy, outgoing, sociable and I think, secure, little two year old. I think it very likely if she were in a room with strangers and toys that she would not be unduly distressed at her mother's departure. It does seem ironic with this test that children who become distressed and insecure unless their mother is present are judged the most secure!

Also if small children are tired, not feeling well they may be more clingy and if this test were done in familiar surroundings - the child's home, this may also bring about a different result.. well I just have my doubts about it as a diagnostic tool

Interesting article though - thank you

 

[Lana]

Hi Molly;
You present interesting questions...definately something to think about.

As for studies on adults...I've also felt the same when I was trying to find literature on attachement disorders. I did find a article somewhere stating that studies of adults is very difficult because many of them won't come forward due to trust issues and lack of control (in a study). In short, giving up control and trusting a researcher was like asking for the impossible. And it makes sense.

At the time, I needed all the support I can find and I followed a forum created just for such an audience. I visited it but found it heartbreaking. I felt their hurt so deeply. Maybe it was transference or projection, I don't know, but it confirmed that such persons wouldn't enter a research group on attachment. I know I wouldn't.

So, whomever does decide to study this, they'd have to come up with a method that is least thretening and doesn't take away any perceived power from sufferers of attachment disorder.

 

[MollyK]

Here's a really good article about attachment and therapy

Attachment and attachment based therapy

 

[Pogge]

Very informative article