David Baxter PhD
Late Founder
Misdiagnosing Narcissism - Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
September 28, 2006
by Sam Vaknin
(The use of gender pronouns in this article reflects the clinical facts: most narcissists are men.)
Anxiety Disorders ? and especially Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) ? are often misdiagnosed as Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).
Anxiety is uncontrollable and excessive apprehension. Anxiety disorders usually come replete with obsessive thoughts, compulsive and ritualistic acts, restlessness, fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and somatic manifestations (such as an increased heart rate, sweating, or, in Panic Attacks, chest pains).
By definition, narcissists are anxious for social approval or attention (Narcissistic Supply). The narcissist cannot control this need and the attendant anxiety because he requires external feedback to regulate his labile sense of self-worth. This dependence makes most narcissists irritable. They fly into rages and have a very low threshold of frustration.
Like patients who suffer from Panic Attacks and Social Phobia (another anxiety disorder), narcissists are terrified of being embarrassed or criticised in public. Consequently, most narcissists fail to function well in various settings (social, occupational, romantic, etc.).
Many narcissists develop obsessions and compulsions. Like sufferers of GAD, narcissists are perfectionists and preoccupied with the quality of their performance and the level of their competence. As the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR, p. 473) puts it, GAD patients (especially children):
This could apply equally well to narcissists. Both classes of patients are paralysed by the fear of being judged as imperfect or lacking. Narcissists as well as patients with anxiety disorders constantly fail to measure up to an inner, harsh, and sadistic critic and a grandiose, inflated self-image.
The narcissistic solution is to avoid comparison and competition altogether and to demand special treatment. The narcissist's sense of entitlement is incommensurate with the narcissist's true accomplishments. He withdraws from the rat race because he does not deem his opponents, colleagues, or peers worthy of his efforts.
As opposed to narcissists, patients with Anxiety Disorders are invested in their work and their profession. To be exact, they are over-invested. Their preoccupation with perfection is counter-productive and, ironically, renders them underachievers.
It is easy to mistake the presenting symptoms of certain anxiety disorders with pathological narcissism. Both types of patients are worried about social approbation and seek it actively. Both present a haughty or impervious facade to the world. Both are dysfunctional and weighed down by a history of personal failure on the job and in the family. But the narcissist is ego-dystonic: he is proud and happy of who he is. The anxious patient is distressed and is looking for help and a way out of his or her predicament. Hence the differential diagnosis.
Bibliography
Goldman, Howard G. ? Review of General Psychiatry, 4th ed. ? London, Prentice-Hall International, 1995 ? pp. 279-282
Gelder, Michael et al., eds. ? Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 3rd ed. ? London, Oxford University Press, 2000 ? pp. 160-169
Klein, Melanie ? The Writings of Melanie Klein ? Ed. Roger Money-Kyrle ? 4 vols. ? New York, Free Press ? 1964-75
Kernberg O. ? Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism ? New York, Jason Aronson, 1975
Millon, Theodore (and Roger D. Davis, contributor) ? Disorders of Personality: DSM IV and Beyond ? 2nd ed. ? New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1995
Millon, Theodore ? Personality Disorders in Modern Life ? New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2000
Schwartz, Lester ? Narcissistic Personality Disorders ? A Clinical Discussion ? Journal of Am. Psychoanalytic Association ? 22 (1974): 292-305
Vaknin, Sam ? Malignant Self Love ? Narcissism Revisited, 6th revised impression ? Skopje and Prague, Narcissus Publications, 2005
September 28, 2006
by Sam Vaknin
(The use of gender pronouns in this article reflects the clinical facts: most narcissists are men.)
Anxiety Disorders ? and especially Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) ? are often misdiagnosed as Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).
Anxiety is uncontrollable and excessive apprehension. Anxiety disorders usually come replete with obsessive thoughts, compulsive and ritualistic acts, restlessness, fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and somatic manifestations (such as an increased heart rate, sweating, or, in Panic Attacks, chest pains).
By definition, narcissists are anxious for social approval or attention (Narcissistic Supply). The narcissist cannot control this need and the attendant anxiety because he requires external feedback to regulate his labile sense of self-worth. This dependence makes most narcissists irritable. They fly into rages and have a very low threshold of frustration.
Like patients who suffer from Panic Attacks and Social Phobia (another anxiety disorder), narcissists are terrified of being embarrassed or criticised in public. Consequently, most narcissists fail to function well in various settings (social, occupational, romantic, etc.).
Many narcissists develop obsessions and compulsions. Like sufferers of GAD, narcissists are perfectionists and preoccupied with the quality of their performance and the level of their competence. As the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR, p. 473) puts it, GAD patients (especially children):
"? (A)re typically overzealous in seeking approval and require excessive reassurance about their performance and their other worries."
This could apply equally well to narcissists. Both classes of patients are paralysed by the fear of being judged as imperfect or lacking. Narcissists as well as patients with anxiety disorders constantly fail to measure up to an inner, harsh, and sadistic critic and a grandiose, inflated self-image.
The narcissistic solution is to avoid comparison and competition altogether and to demand special treatment. The narcissist's sense of entitlement is incommensurate with the narcissist's true accomplishments. He withdraws from the rat race because he does not deem his opponents, colleagues, or peers worthy of his efforts.
As opposed to narcissists, patients with Anxiety Disorders are invested in their work and their profession. To be exact, they are over-invested. Their preoccupation with perfection is counter-productive and, ironically, renders them underachievers.
It is easy to mistake the presenting symptoms of certain anxiety disorders with pathological narcissism. Both types of patients are worried about social approbation and seek it actively. Both present a haughty or impervious facade to the world. Both are dysfunctional and weighed down by a history of personal failure on the job and in the family. But the narcissist is ego-dystonic: he is proud and happy of who he is. The anxious patient is distressed and is looking for help and a way out of his or her predicament. Hence the differential diagnosis.
Bibliography
Goldman, Howard G. ? Review of General Psychiatry, 4th ed. ? London, Prentice-Hall International, 1995 ? pp. 279-282
Gelder, Michael et al., eds. ? Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 3rd ed. ? London, Oxford University Press, 2000 ? pp. 160-169
Klein, Melanie ? The Writings of Melanie Klein ? Ed. Roger Money-Kyrle ? 4 vols. ? New York, Free Press ? 1964-75
Kernberg O. ? Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism ? New York, Jason Aronson, 1975
Millon, Theodore (and Roger D. Davis, contributor) ? Disorders of Personality: DSM IV and Beyond ? 2nd ed. ? New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1995
Millon, Theodore ? Personality Disorders in Modern Life ? New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2000
Schwartz, Lester ? Narcissistic Personality Disorders ? A Clinical Discussion ? Journal of Am. Psychoanalytic Association ? 22 (1974): 292-305
Vaknin, Sam ? Malignant Self Love ? Narcissism Revisited, 6th revised impression ? Skopje and Prague, Narcissus Publications, 2005
